Although UP later became the fifth-largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs. Uttar Pradesh is the second-largest economy in India after Maharashtra. For purpose of administration, the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts. Uttar Pradesh is the second largest economy in India after Maharashtra. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the Chief Minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. [298] Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.[299]. Divisional Commissioner, an IAS officer is the head of administration on the divisional level. After partition, the new Uttar Pradesh state produces about 92% of the output of the old Uttar Pradesh state. [285][286], Diwali (celebrated between mid-October and mid-December) and Rama Navami are popular festivals in Uttar Pradesh. National Crime Records Bureau (2011) data says, Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its high population, the actual per capita crime rate is low. Uttar Pradesh is the second largest economy in India after Maharashtra. Uttar Pradesh has three World Heritage sites and ranks first tourist destinations in India. It represents the cooking styles used in North India, especially Uttar Pradesh. [170] Uttar Pradesh also continues to top the list of states with maximum communal violence incidents. Their spread consisted of elaborate dishes like kebabs (shish kebab or shashlik), kormas, biryani, kaliya, nahari-kulchas, zarda, sheermal, roomali rotis, and warqi parathas. This was the first train in India to get the new German LHB coaches. [12] The state ranks 35th among Indian states in human development index. The largest Indian state, Maharashtra on the basis of nominal GDP, has an urban population of 50,818,259, while Uttar Pradesh has an urban population of 44,495,063. [63] The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region is in the south. The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of them, the Ganges, Yamuna, Saraswati, Sarayu, Betwa, and Ghaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism. Installed capacity has greatly increased since Indian independence, but the gap between supply and demand remains wide. [26] During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith. [13] The state has two international airports, Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport (Lucknow) and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport (Varanasi). The state government has allocated a budget of Rs 101 crore towards it in the Uttar Pradesh budget 2021-22 presented in the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha on Monday Businesstoday ECONOMY As an outcome of this, Agriculture thrives in this land. [278], The state is sometimes called the 'Hindi heartland of India'. With roughly 200 million inhabitants, it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. The Economy of Uttar Pradesh is basically agrarian in nature. Beginning in the 1950s, both the number of schools in Uttar Pradesh and the number of students enrolled at all levels grew dramatically. It boasts 42 national highways, with a total length of 4,942 km (9.6% of the total NH length in India). Some of the oldest universities in Uttar Pradesh are Aligarh Muslim University (1875), founded by Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan; Banaras Hindu University (1916) in Varanasi, founded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya; and the University of Lucknow (1921). Uttar Pradesh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is $339.5 billion by PPP and $80.9 billion by nominal .After partition, the new Uttar Pradesh state produces about 92% of the output of the old Uttar Pradesh state. Uttar Pradesh has a population of approximately 24 crore, the highest in any Indian state. [94][95] Notable indigenous trees are the astringent Azadirachta indica, or neem, which is widely used in rural Indian herbal medicine and the luxuriant Ficus religiosa, or peepul, consider the tree to be sacred by Hindu and Jain ascetics as this is the tree under which Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment. In the 19th and 20th century, Hindi literature was modernised by authors such as Jaishankar Prasad, Maithili Sharan Gupt, Munshi Premchand, Suryakant Tripathi Nirala, Babu Gulabrai, Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya', Rahul Sankrityayan, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Dharamvir Bharati, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Dushyant Kumar, Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Acharya Kuber Nath Rai, Bharatendu Harishchandra, Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena, Shivmangal Singh Suman, Mahadevi Varma, and Vibhuti Narain Rai. [194] About 70% of India's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. The public health centres, which are the frontline of the government's health care system, decreased by 8 per cent. It is pertinent to mention that the strength of work force in the state is 23.7%, out of which 65.9% are farmers and 5.6% are industrial workers. One sixth of the world’s population lives in India and one–sixth of India’s population lives in Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh has been called India's under-achiever because it has provided India with eight prime ministers while remaining a poor state. It is a political hotspot as well. The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth largest of all the states of India. There is an average population density of 828 persons per km² i.e. In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8% of the state domestic product compared to 44% from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and tourism) and 11.2% from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing). Since independence many national and state welfare programs have provided improved opportunities in education, employment, and political representation to members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. [citation needed] Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final. [290] Lassi (yogurt-based) and chaach (traditional buttermilk) are most favoured drink in Uttar Pradesh. These formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism. [29][30] After fall of Pala empire, the Chero dynasty ruled from 12th century to 18th century. Physical Profile 1. [165], According to the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC), Uttar Pradesh tops the list of states of encounter killings and custodial deaths. In 1947 a post of Economic Adviser and Director of Economics and Statistics was created with a full-fledged department in the civil secretariat. Awadhi cuisine is from the city of Lucknow. Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh. After summer it is the south-west monsoon which brings most of the rain here, while in winters rain due to the western disturbances and north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state. Vrindavan is considered to be a holy place for Vaisnavism. Its per capita income is Rs. [25] Following the Huns' invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj. Between 1999 and 2008, the economy grew only 4.4% per year, one of the lowest rates in India. These districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land. The state offers a wide range of subsidies, policy and fiscal incentives as well as assistance for businesses under the Industrial and Service Sector Investment Policy, 2004 and Infrastructure and Industrial Investment Policy, 2012. The Himalayas border the state on the north,[61] but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different from those high mountains. The two major rivers of the state, the Ganges and Yamuna, join at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad and flow further east as Ganges. [261] The state's tourism industry is a major contributor to the state's economy, growing at the rate of 21.60%.[262]. ", "The Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service Rules, 2001", "The History and Role of Subordinate Civil Judiciary in Uttar Pradesh", "Subordinate Civil Judiciary in Uttar Pradesh", "The strength of Armed Police in Uttar Pradesh", "In Custody: Six died daily in four months", "More bad news for Yogi Adityanath as data show UP tops crime chart", "NHRC registered 1,782 fake encounter cases between 2000-2017; Uttar Pradesh alone accounts for 44.55%", "Uttar Pradesh tops the list of communal violence hit states in 2017: Govt", "Communal Violence Goes Up In Country, Uttar Pradesh Still Tops List", "HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX ACROSS INDIAN STATES: IS THE GLASS STILL HALF EMPTY? It has contributed to an estimated gross state domestic product of ₹14.89 lakh crore which is around 8.4% of India. [203] The state's total financial debt stood at ₹2,000 billion (US$28 billion) in 2011. As per the recent developments, UP government has launched a portal ‘NIVESH MITRA”, a dedicated single window system of the government of Uttar Pradesh. [59] In 2000, northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand. census towns and rural units called gram panchayat. Agriculture is the mainstay of the state’s economy. [127] As per World Bank document (released on 2016), the pace of poverty reduction in the state has been slower than the rest of the country. Okhla Bird Sanctuary known as a haven for over 300 bird species out of which 160 bird species are migratory, travelling from Tibet, Europe & Siberia and Patna Bird Sanctuary sanctuary in Etah district, is a major tourist attraction. [72] The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area. Green Park Stadium in Kanpur, the only internationally recognised cricket stadium in the state, has witnessed some of India's most famous victories. Uttar Pradesh is the largest subdivision (by population) in the world. Key drivers of economy Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India, with a large pool of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour. Its population is exceeded by only four countries in the world and is more than that of many European countries combined. [64] It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateaus. [43] Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was named the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). [203] The GSDP is estimated to have grown 7 per cent in 2017-18 and 6.5 per cent in 2018-2019 which is about 10 per cent of India’s GDP. INDUSTRIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT ACT – 1976 (U.P. Dwarka is one of the Chardhams, four sacred Hindu pilgrimage sites. There also are small reserves of gypsum, magnesite, phosphorite, and bauxite. Act Number 6, of 1976)", "Decennil growth of population by census", "Decennial growth rate and density for 2011 at a glance for Uttar Pradesh and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011", "The state with large no. According to the Union Environment … Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick). [210][211] The state's per capita GSDP was ₹29,417 (US$410), lower than the national per capita GSDP of ₹60,972 (US$850). Allahabad Junction is the headquarters of the North Central Railway and Gorakhpur Railway Station serves as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway. [91] In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife, a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state. Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association (UPCA) has headquarters in Kanpur. The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1000 and 1200 mm, most of which comes during the monsoon. [288] Ganga Mahotsav festival of Kartik Poornima celebrated fifteen days after Diwali. The legislature consists of two chambers: the upper house, the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad), which comprises both elected and appointed members; and the lower house, the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), whose members are popularly elected. 13,262 as per existing rate. [71] The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas, slopes down into a boulder bed called 'bhadhar'. [199] In July 2012, due to financial constraints and directions from the state government, lending activities have been suspended except for State Government Schemes. [58] In Ayodhya in December 1992 the disputed Babri Mosque was demolished by radical Hindu activists, leading to widespread violence across India. Traditional dance and musical styles are taught at the Bhatkhande Music Institute University in Lucknow, named after the musician Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande. [74][78], The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 170 cm in hilly areas to 84 cm in Western Uttar Pradesh. An IPS officer in the rank of Inspector General of Police heads the zones, whereas an IPS officer of the rank of Deputy inspector general of police heads the ranges. [48][49], In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow. [232], The state has two international airports located in Lucknow (Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport) and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport in Varanasi. Other festivals are Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adhaa/Bakreed, Vijayadashami, Makar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami, Ayudha Puja, Janmashtami, Sardhana Christian Fair, Maha Shivaratri, Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, Ayurved Jhansi Mahotsav, Bārah Wafāṭ, Chhath puja, Lucknow Mahotsav, Moharram, Kabob and Hanuman Jayanti.[289]. Uttar Pradesh contributed to the largest share of almost all communicable and noncommunicable disease deaths, including 48 per cent of all typhoid deaths (2014); 17 per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of tuberculosis deaths (2015). It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal. The national government has supported the development of coal fields in the southeastern area around Mirzapur. Awadhi cuisine is world-famous for dishes such as kebab, biryani, keema and nihari. [296][297] Cell phone providers include Vi India, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Jio and Tata DoCoMo. The district court of Etawah and the district court of Kanpur Dehat) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge. Sonebhadra, a district in eastern Uttar Pradesh, has large-scale industries. Uttar Pradesh shares an international border with Nepal to the north. [6] There is a high rate of unemployment in Uttar Pradesh. Below the state level, dozens of district governments are responsible for local administration. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. [263] This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world. The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. Since the late 1960s, with the introduction of high-yielding varieties of seed for wheat and rice, greater availability of fertilizers, and increased use of irrigation, the state has become a major producer of food grains in the country. Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary, National Chambal Sanctuary, Chandra Prabha Sanctuary, Hastinapur Sanctuary, Kaimoor Sanctuary, and Okhla Sanctuary. [136], Languages of Uttar Pradesh from 2011 census[137], Hindi is the official language of Uttar Pradesh and is spoken by the majority of the population (80.16%). Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India with more than 71 million,[259][260] owing to its rich and varied topography, vibrant culture, festivals, monuments, ancient places of worship, and viharas. [184] The blasts came a week after the Uttar Pradesh police and central security agencies busted Jaish-e-Mohammed terrorists who had planned to abduct Rahul Gandhi. Handicrafts constitute a significant portion of exports as well. Snapshot; Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a population of nearly 200 million people. [39] Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri. The state has also proposed creating the Taj International Airport at Kurikupa near Hirangaon, Tundla in Firozabad district. Despite improvement in the recent decade, the state has experienced slower economic growth and poverty reduction than the rest of the country. Scrubland trees such as the Babool (Vachellia nilotica) and animals such as the Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) are found in the arid Vindhyas. PRSIndia – UP Budget Analysis [1] During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 7.28%, lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country. Owing to the belief as the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites. The governor is appointed by the president of India; the governor in turn appoints the chief minister and the other ministers. It has rich forests, cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging torrents during the monsoon. Each district is divided into subdivisions, governed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and again into Blocks. [149] Hitesh C. Awasthy is the current Director General of Police.[150]. Food grain production in the state in 2014–15 stood at 47,773.4 thousand tonnes. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world. Samajwadi Party chief Akhilesh Yadav on Saturday attacked Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath, saying he got the CM's post by chance.. Among modern sports, field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some of the finest players in India, including Dhyan Chand and, more recently, Nitin Kumar[240] and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay. The service sector comprises travel and tourism, hotel industry, real estate, insurance and financial consultancies. of peoples living below poverty line", "Uttar Pradesh Poverty, Growth & Inequality", "Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12", "Per Capita Income of Indian States 2019-20", "C1 – Population by religious community, Uttar Pradesh", "Table C-16: Language by States and Union Territories - Uttar Pradesh", "Language – India, States and Union Territories", "Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad structure", "Anup Chandra Pandey took over as the new Chief Secretary of UP", "Anup Chandra Pandey takes charge as new Chief Secretary of UP", "O P Singh takes charge as Uttar Pradesh's new DGP; bats for professional policing", "O P Singh takes charge as Uttar Pradesh DGP", "23 days after appointment, OP Singh finally takes charge as UP DGP", "Role and Functions of Divisional Commissioner", "Contact Details of Commissioners and District Magistrates of U.P. Many of its farmers, however, still suffer from two major constraints: small landholdings and insufficient resources to invest in the technology required for improved production. The state’s exports include such products as footwear, leather goods, and sporting gear. Religious tourism plays significant role in Uttar Pradesh tourism as the state has some of the holiest Hindu shrines. Uttar Pradesh, the most populous and fourth largest state of India, which lies in the north-central part of the country. [24] Krishna, another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of the Hindu god Vishnu, is said to have been born in the city of Mathura, in Uttar Pradesh. The High Court of the state is located in Allahabad. Tamil Nadu has a survival rate of 95%, but the state plants “24,094 trees on the roadside per year”, data shows. Uttar Pradesh: Ayodhya Ram Mandir Construction Continues At Brisk Pace, Two-Third Digging Completed by Swarajya Staff - Mar 12, 2021 12:24 PM … [193] As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA), total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3 million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh[195], State industries are localised in the Kanpur region, the fertile purvanchal lands and the Noida region. 3 Uttar Pradesh Economy and Society : A Profile IV. Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal Empire. Net … The Uttar Pradesh Assembly was adjourned sine die on Thursday, a week ahead of the schedule, after the House passed the annual budget for 2021-22, the largest budget so far in the history of the state. [281] Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the Hindi Belt, the major Hindi languages of the state being Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji and Hindustani.[282]. [19][20][21], Out of the sixteen mahajanapadas (lit. [221] Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway[222] and Gorakhpur is the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway. Some Uttar Pradesh schools, for example Delhi Public School (Noida), La Martinière Girls' College (Lucknow), and Step by Step School (Noida) have been ranked amongst the best schools in the country. According to the report generated by India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), in 2014–15, Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19% share in the country's total food grain output. Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employ a significant proportion of the state’s total factory labour. [147][148] The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. [267] In 15 years to 2012–13, the population of Uttar Pradesh increased by more than 25 per cent. [268] Uttar Pradesh’s maternal mortality ratio is higher than the national average at 258 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births (2017), with 62 per cent of pregnant women unable to access minimum ante-natal care. The state government has allocated a budget of Rs 101 crore towards it in the Uttar Pradesh budget 2021-22 presented in the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha on Monday Businesstoday ECONOMY As much as 16.17% of India's population lives in the state. [22] The kingdom of Kosala, in the Mahajanapada era, was also located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh. Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Uttar Pradesh is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 9.50% between 2015-16 and 2020-21BE to reach Rs. [147][161] Subordinate Judicial Service, categorised into two divisions viz. Major cities in Uttar Pradesh are connected by air to Delhi and other large cities of India. Silica, limestone, and coal are found in considerable quantities in Uttar Pradesh. According to a survey conducted by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), Uttar Pradesh's unemployment rate increased 11.4 percentage points, rising to 21.5 per cent in April 2020. As per the report of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (released on 7 January 2020), the state per capita income is below ₹8,000 (US$110) per annum. Svanga is a dance drama of semi-historical tales and ballads. Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employ a significant proportion of the state’s total factory labour. [50] The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow. Uttar Pradesh has very fertile land and its economy is largely driven by agriculture. Our aim is to make Uttar Pradesh a $1 trillion economy. [27] Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj. Uttar Pradesh is home to the largest number of poor in India. [89] The dance form is connected to classical Hindustani music where the rhythmic nimbleness of the feet is accompanied by either Tabla or Pakhawaj. In terms of net state domestic product (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh is the second-largest economy in India after Maharashtra, with an estimated gross state domestic product of ₹14.89 lakh crore (US$210 billion), and hence contributes 8.406% of India. [74] The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September. Its share in total area of the Sweets occupy an important place in the Hindu diet and are eaten at social ceremonies. [28] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's Pala Empire for control of the region. There is low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. [212] Labour efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. [173] Based on sub-national human development index data for Indian states from 1990 to 2017, the report also stated that the value of human development index in Uttar Pradesh has steadily increased over time from 0.39 in 1990 to 0.59 in 2017. [77] Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian monsoon is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state. [225] The railway stations of Allahabad Junction, Agra Cantt, Lucknow NR, Gorakhpur Junction,Kanpur Central, Mathura Junction and Varanasi Junction are included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations. There are 44,441 active cases in the state while total … The government presented the last budget of its current tenure last week with an outlay of Rs 5,50,270.78 crore. Blessed with a variety of geographical land and many cultural diversities. Uttar Pradesh is one of the seven states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council). Uttar Pradesh is also home to three World Heritage Sites: the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri. In 1951 less than one-eighth of the population was literate, but six decades later that figure exceeded two-thirds. Among other local specialities are the silks and brocades of Varanasi, ornamental brass ware from Moradabad, chikan embroidery from Lucknow, ebony work from Nagina, glassware from Firozabad, and carved woodwork from Saharanpur. The other two regions, the central and the western are comparatively better with a well-developed irrigation system. [128] Estimates released by the Reserve Bank of India for the year 2011–12 revealed that Uttar Pradesh had 59 million people below the poverty line, the most for any state in India. 1 Uttar Pradesh Economy and Society : A Profile CHAPTER - 1 Uttar Pradesh Economy and Society: A Profile I. [141] The state contributes 80 seats to the lower house of the Indian Parliament, Lok Sabha and 31 seats to the upper house of the Indian Parliament, Rajya Sabha. Uttar Pradesh becomes the second-largest state … Awadh has been greatly influenced by Mughal cooking techniques, and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of Central Asia, Kashmir, Punjab and Hyderabad; and the city is known for Nawabi foods. The state houses several holy Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres. Agriculture is called the backbone of the economy of Uttar Pradesh. [37] Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior. [257] The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national ministry of culture. The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in northwest India, around 1000 BC. The Mughalsarai is home to a number of major locomotive plants. There are 32 private FM stations available in major cities like Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Agra, and Noida.